超长定向钻注装备关键技术分析及发展趋势     

李术才  李利平  孙子正  刘知辉  李梦天  潘东东  屠文锋 《岩土力学》2023,44(1):1-30

定向钻技术起源于石油钻井工业,经多年发展已拓展至隧道工程地质勘察及灾害处置、煤矿底板含水层改造、蓄能电站抽水通道施工、市政管道铺设等多个领域。地面注浆技术结合定向钻长距离精准穿越的优势,可实现地下工程不良地质高效预加固与灾害安全处置,具有广阔的应用前景。系统综述了定向钻注装备技术的发展历程、研究现状和待突破关键技术。首先,介绍了定向钻与地面注浆技术的发展历程;其次从重大科研项目、学术论文、授权专利以及工程实践等方面进行了分析与总结。结果表明：我国现阶段定向钻注技术总体已达到自主化、实用化的国际先进水平,但在千米级长距离快速钻进、复杂地质条件精准导向、地下工程精准注浆处置等核心技术方面仍存在“卡脖子”难题。面向战略性重大工程建设需求,提出了超长距离定向钻注一体化装备“预报、钻进、注浆、检测”四大功能模块,围绕随钻感知预报、快速钻进与卡钻预测、精准导向技术、远距离凝胶可控注浆材料、稳压控制分段注浆工艺、随钻检测系统六方面,开展了分析与讨论,可为我国定向钻注一体化装备技术发展和地下工程灾害防控提供参考。  相似文献   

Non-destructive estimation of foliar chlorophyll and carotenoid contents: Focus on informative spectral bands     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2015

Leaf pigment content provides valuable insight into the productivity, physiological and phenological status of vegetation. Measurement of spectral reflectance offers a fast, nondestructive method for pigment estimation. A number of methods were used previously for estimation of leaf pigment content, however, spectral bands employed varied widely among the models and data used. Our objective was to find informative spectral bands in three types of models, vegetation indices (VI), neural network (NN) and partial least squares (PLS) regression, for estimating leaf chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoids (Car) contents of three unrelated tree species and to assess the accuracy of the models using a minimal number of bands. The bands selected by PLS, NN and VIs were in close agreement and did not depend on the data used. The results of the uninformative variable elimination PLS approach, where the reliability parameter was used as an indicator of the information contained in the spectral bands, confirmed the bands selected by the VIs, NN, and PLS models. All three types of models were able to accurately estimate Chl content with coefficient of variation below 12% for all three species with VI showing the best performance. NN and PLS using reflectance in four spectral bands were able to estimate accurately Car content with coefficient of variation below 14%. The quantitative framework presented here offers a new way of estimating foliar pigment content not requiring model re-parameterization for different species. The approach was tested using the spectral bands of the future Sentinel-2 satellite and the results of these simulations showed that accurate pigment estimation from satellite would be possible.  相似文献   

CHARACTERISTICS OF TECTONIC STRESS FIELD OF THE XIAOWAN RESERVOIR BEFORE AND AFTER THE IMPOUNDMENT          下载免费PDF全文

HUANG Hao  FU Hong 《地震地质》2019,41(6):1413-1428

Using the seismic waveform data of Xiaowan seismic network and Yunnan seismic network, we determined the focal mechanisms of 36 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 3.0)from Jun. 2005 to Dec. 2008 and 51 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 2.5)from Jan. 2009 to Dec. 2015 by generalized polarity and amplitude technique. We inverted tectonic stress field of the Xiaowan reservoir before impounding, using the focal mechanisms of 36 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 3.0)from Jun. 2005 to Dec. 2008 and CAP solutions of 58 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 4.0)collected and the solutions in the Global Centroid Moment Tensor(GCMT)catalog; We inverted local stress field of the reservoir-triggered earthquake clustering area, using 51 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 2.5)from Jan. 2009 to Dec. 2015. Focal mechanisms statistics show that, the Weixi-Qiaohou Fault is the seismic fault. Focal mechanisms were strike-slip type in initial stage, but normal fault type in later stage. Focal depths statistics of 51 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 2.5)show that, the average value of focal depths in period Ⅰ, period Ⅱ and period Ⅲ are 8.2km, 7.3km and 7.8km respectively and the standard deviations are 4.3km, 3.5km and 6.0km respectively. The average value of focal depths is basically stable in different period, only the standard deviation is slightly different. Therefore, there is not positive connection between focal depth and deviation of focal mechanisms. What's more, there are 2 earthquakes(number 46 and number 47 in Fig.5 and Table 3)with almost the same magnitude, epicenter and focal depth, but they have different faulting types as normal and strike-slip. The focal mechanism of event No.46 is strike:302°, dip:40° and rake:-97° for plane Ⅰ, however, the focal mechanism of event No.47 is strike:292°, dip:82° and rake:140° for plane Ⅰ. Likewise, earthquake of number 3 and number 18 have similar characteristic. Therefore, the obvious focal mechanism difference of similar earthquake pair indicates the complexity of Weixi-Qiaohou Fault. Considering the quiet-active character of reservoir-triggered earthquakes, we discussed the change of local stress field in different period. The σ₁ of tectonic stress field was in the near-south direction, with a dip angle of 14° before the impoundment, however, the direction of σ₁ of local stress field changed continuously, with the dip angle getting larger after the impoundment. The direction of σ₁ of local stress field of reservoir-triggered earthquake clustering area is close to the strike of Weixi-Qiaohou Fault, and reservoir impoundment increased the shear stress in the fault, so the weakening of fault was beneficial to trigger earthquakes. Comprehensive analysis suggests that fluid permeation and pore pressure diffusion caused by the water impounding, and the weakening of fault caused by local stress field are the key factors to trigger earthquake in the Xiaowan reservoir.  相似文献   

广角水体体散射函数测量技术及其应用研究进展     

徐聪辉  李彩 《遥感学报》2019,23(6):1078-1090

水体体散射函数是描述水体中光在各方向散射特性的一个重要的固有光学参数,对水色遥感、水环境监测与保护、海气交互过程研究、水下军事目标跟踪等领域具有十分重要的意义。水体体散射函数测量尤其是覆盖0°—180°范围的广角体散射函数测量技术起步较晚,直接测量难度较大,一直以来都是一个棘手的科学难题。本文梳理了国内外广角水体体散射函数测量技术的发展历程,对于广角体散射函数测量技术,从原理上大致可以分为单一探测器转动式、多个固定探测器阵列式以及面阵CCD成像式等3大类,对不同测量原理下的测量技术进行详细分析,并对广角水体体散射函数测量技术在海洋生物光学、气泡跟踪、水色遥感等方面的相关应用进展进行总结和归纳,并对未来广角水体体散射函数的发展趋势和应用前景进行展望。  相似文献   

2018年斐济M_W8.2深震:高频辐射过程和发生原因          下载免费PDF全文

张喆  许力生  杜海林 《地球物理学报》2019,62(11):4279-4289

2018年8月19日，在斐济东部海域563 km深处发生了一次M_W8.2地震.我们首先挑选位于美国阿拉斯加地区的131个宽频带台站构成台阵，选用垂直分量0.5~2 Hz的高频信号，利用广义台阵反投影技术对这次地震的破裂过程进行了成像，然后基于破裂速度对地震的辐射效率进行了估计.结果表明，这次地震总体上呈单侧破裂，破裂方位在3.0°左右，破裂总长度约51 km，持续时间22 s，平均破裂速度为2.5 km·s^-1.但能量释放有2次高峰，形成两次子事件.第一次为前10 s，峰值在7 s左右，破裂速度为2.9 km·s^-1，辐射效率为45%.第二次为10~22 s，峰值在15 s左右，破裂速度为1.6 km·s^-1，辐射效率为26%.结合震源位置、震源机制、破裂速度以及辐射效率，我们认为这次地震是由于俯冲板块前缘受到下部地幔物质上浮阻力引起的剪切失稳所致，起初板块内部的脆性破裂表现突出，致使辐射效率较高，后来震源处高温高压下的熔融耗散特征逐渐凸现，致使辐射效率下降.  相似文献   

Simulation of evapotranspiration and carbon dioxide flux in the wheat‐maize rotation croplands of the North China Plain using the Simple Biosphere Model     

Huimin Lei  Dawen Yang  Yanjun Shen  Yu Liu  Yucui Zhang 《水文研究》2011,25(20):3107-3120

The North China Plain, which is critical for food production in China, is encountering serious water shortage due to heavy agricultural water requirement. The accurate modelling of carbon dioxide flux and evapotranspiration (ET) in croplands is thus essential for yield prediction and water resources management. The land surface model is powerful in simulating energy and carbon dioxide fluxes between land and atmosphere. Some key processes in the Simple Biosphere Model (Version 2, SiB2) were parameterized based on the observations. The simulated fluxes were tested against the eddy covariance flux measurements over two typical winter wheat/maize double cropping fields. A simple diagnostic parameterisation of soil respiration, not included in SiB2, was added and calibrated using the observations to model the carbon budget. The Ball‐Berry stomatal conductance model was calibrated using observed leaf gas exchange rate, showing that the original SiB2 could significantly underpredict the ET in the wheat field. SiB2 significantly underpredicted soil resistance at the Weishan site, leading to overpredict the ET. Overall, there was a close agreement between the simulated and observed latent heat fluxes and net CO₂ exchange using the re‐parameterized SiB2. These findings are important when the model is used for the regional simulation in the North China Plain. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

天津滨海爆炸事件检测与相对定位研究     

邓莉  谭毅培  刘双庆  马婷  卞真付  曹井泉 《地震》2018,38(3):158-169

2015年8月12日发生在天津滨海新区的化学品爆炸事故造成了严重的人员伤亡和财产损失。 基于区域地震台网记录的数字化连续地震波形资料, 对爆炸发生过程的精细分析是深入调查爆炸事故发生原因、 快速估计事故所造成灾害与损失的重要手段之一。 本文首先利用震相到时和质点运动轨迹信息对记录波形中能量较强的震相性质进行分析, 再通过模板匹配算法检测爆炸过程中是否存在两次大爆炸以外的小爆炸事件, 并对检测方法的效能进行检验, 最后依据波形互相关得到的震相到时差估计两次较大爆炸的相对位置。 计算结果显示区域台网记录波形中能量最大的体波震相可能为沿沉积层顶部传播的Pg震相, 垂直向能量最强的面波震相为Rg震相, 而能量较弱的初至震相可能为结晶基底首波; 爆炸过程中除了两次能量较大的爆炸以外还能检测到两次较小的爆炸事件, 其当量相当于约M_L0.5的地震; 基于两次大爆炸Pg震相相对到时信息得到第二次大爆炸发生在第一次大爆炸的北西侧, 两次爆炸位置距离约50~55 m。 本文研究结果为爆炸事故的调查分析提供了地震学依据。  相似文献   

匹配滤波方法研究2016年意大利中部MW6.0地震的余震迁移     

付裕  黄晖  徐鸣洁 《中国地震》2018,34(4):621-631

2016年8月24日意大利中部发生M_W6.0地震，2个月之后，震中附近相继发生M_W5.5、M_W5.9、M_W6.5地震。研究这几次较大地震间的相互触发作用及机制十分必要，然而在大地震之后传统地震目录通常缺失很多余震事件，缺失的余震事件包含着早期余震时空分布和迁移规律的信息，为完善余震目录本文利用匹配滤波方法对M_W6.0地震后80天内的连续数据进行余震检测，得到了数十倍于模板数量的新检测事件，检测事件与模板事件组成的新余震目录完备震级为1.0，提高了地震目录的完备性。依据新余震目录进行余震时空分布研究，结果显示M_W6.0、M_W5.9、M_W6.5地震的早期余震迁移规律不同。M_W6.0地震的早期余震沿着断裂走向同时朝两侧迁移；而M_W5.9、M_W6.5地震的早期余震向南、北迁移表示出不对称的特征。通过拟合余震迁移前端发现，M_W6.0、M_W5.5地震的早期余震朝着随后较大地震的方向迁移，且较符合lgt的特征，表明余震迁移可能与慢滑动有关。  相似文献   

非传统稳定同位素分析技术要点     

白江昊  刘芳  张兆峰  安亚军  李欣  薛永丽  徐玉明 《地学前缘》2020,27(3):1-13

高精度高质量的同位素分析技术是开展非传统稳定同位素地球化学工作的前提。同位素分析是不断提取样品真实信息的过程,包括样品制备、化学分离、质谱测定和数据处理4个基本步骤。在同位素分析过程中,每一环节都有可能引入空白或者污染,或造成同位素分馏,引发信息“失真”。为了准确获得样品的真实同位素组成,必须有效避免污染并精准校正在分析过程中可能的干扰。以Ca同位素为例,在总结前人工作的基础上,探讨了各个步骤所涉及的分析要点,为建立其他同位素体系的分析方法提供参考,为后续储库探讨、机理解析及应用研究提供技术支撑。  相似文献   

Distribution,potential sources and ecological risks of two persistent organic pollutants in the intertidal sediment at the Shuangtaizi Estuary,Bohai Sea of China     

Xiutang Yuan  Xiaolong Yang  Anguo Zhang  Xindong Ma  Hui Gao  Guangshui Na  Humin Zong  Guize Liu  Yongguang Sun 《Marine pollution bulletin》2017,114(1):419-427

Spatial distribution, source apportionment, and potential ecological risks of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and seven endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in the intertidal sediment at the Shuangtaizi Estuary, Bohai Sea of China were analyzed. Results showed that the total PAH concentrations ranged from 28.79 ng g^? 1 dw to 281.97 ng g^? 1 dw (mean: 115.92 ng g^? 1 dw) and the total EDC concentrations from 0.52 ng g^? 1 dw to 126.73 ng g^? 1 dw (mean: 37.49 ng g^? 1 dw). The distribution pattern for the PAHs was generally different from that of the EDCs possibly due to their distinct sources and n-octanol-/water partition coefficients (K_OW). Qualitative and quantitative analytical results showed that PAH sources were mainly from a mixture of pyrogenic and petrogenic contributions. The higher levels at the southeast of Geligang indicated that the EDC pollutants may have mainly originated from the plastic industry and other chemical plants located along the Liao River. Ecological risk assessment revealed that PAHs exhibited low ecotoxicological effects, whereas EDCs, especially 4-tert-octylphenol and bisphenol A, had high ecological hazard to the estuarine biota.  相似文献